Formatting code for BIPV
=====BIPV Building Integrated Photovoltaics=====
BIPV or custom solar panels often include glass. There are several options to make panels based on the materials used in regular panels.
**EVA** is used to cushion the cells, so above and below. It is a thermoplastic material that was once proposed because it is dirt cheap. For solar applications however the price is about 14 Euro per m2. It requires a melting process.
**Epoxy ** Epoxy is used to encapsulate cells. It can remain clear and should be a usefull candidate. It is not advertised as such. One reason may be that it is cheaper.
**Silicons** Silicons can be stable, elastic, optically clear. They are an ideal choice, but the price of the mateiral is about 1 Euro/Watt. If one submerges 1 m2 of panel in silicons this takes about 0.7 to 1 liter. Silicons can be RTV (room temperature vulcanizing) in which case on can simply wait for it to cure. This is a very low energy solution.
Some heat cured silicons need degassing, which requires an expensive vacuum machine. This is mainly because small bubbles become big bubbles when heated.
**ETFE** This is an interesting material, it is durable, highly transmissive, cheap and very strong. It can serve as the outside layer, saving weight and cost when compared to glass. ETFE melts and can be welded, which makes it interesting to see if it can be used without EVA.
====Laminates====
Most common for panels
- Glass
- EVA
- Cells
-EVA
-Backplate (Acrylic, PVC)
Glass laminate
-Glass
-Silicon
-Cells
-Silicon
-Glass
[[http://www.sunreign.com/info/ECFTELaminate ECFTE laminate]]
-ECFTE
-Silicon
-Cells
-Silicon
-ECFTE
Top laminate
-ETFE
-EVA
-Cells
-EVA
-Glass
====Encapsulants====
[[http://www.pati-films.com/en/products/products_for_industry/thv-films-d94.html thv]]
[[http://www.dowcorning.com/applications/search/products/details.aspx?prod=01064291 SYLGARDŽ 184]]
[[http://nl.farnell.com/dow-corning/se1740-a-1kg/clr-encap/dp/1675170 SE1740 ]]
[[http://www.acc-silicones.com/content/products/qgel330.ashx Qgel330]]
[[http://www.acc-silicones.com/content/products/qsil222.ashx QSil222]]
[[http://www.acc-silicones.com/content/products/pv5700.ashx PV5700]]
[[http://www.strsolar.com/en-US/Pages/default.aspx STR encapsulants]]
[[http://www.intertronics.co.uk/products/opt7020.htm Opti-tec 7020]]
[[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4383129.pdf Acrylic method patent (1983)]]
[[http://www.etimex-solar.com/produkte_e.htm EVA]]
[[http://www.daius.com/data.htm Polyurethane for solar applications]]
[[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20100059105.pdf Polyamide encapsulant patent]]
[[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7049803.pdf Poly urethane patent (2006)]] [[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7571-4829VBB-37&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F1989&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1381505546&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2a4b3caad61d13b4c23e7d446d91eeda (contestable)]][[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7571-4829VBB-37&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F1989&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1399194948&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c114322c9e7704eacdc0d4cb6472e0d2 (known in 1988)]][[http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=UdAwAAAAEBAJ&dq=polyurethane+solar+encapsulant Another patent]]
[[http://www.clearpur.com Clearpur (are working on formula)]]
[[http://www.brs.nl/product-project.php?prod=3&proj=7409382 Cold Bended Glass laminate]]
[[http://tpe-u.com/tpu/emea/en/Applications/other_applications/docId-3047505/Solar_module_films_based_on_Desmopan.html Desmopan]]
[[http://www.jura-plast.de/www_juraplast/solarfilm_96_37_0_f.htm Encapsulation film]]
[[http://www.etimex-solar.com/ Etimex EVA sheets]] [[http://www.agroboy.nl/N_frame.html?http://www.agroboy.nl/N_grp_19_115-1.html EVA]]
[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_butyral PVB]] [[http://www.pv-tech.org/images/uploads/articles_online_pdf/large_area_solar_module_lamination.pdf (its use)]] [[http://www.trosifol.com/fileadmin/pdf/broschueren_2010/Solar_eng_6_2010_net.pdf product]]
[[http://www.holscot.com/extrsion1.htm?gclid=CK3FjJf1uKICFZcqDgodPQpJ3w ETFE]] (Teflon, Fluon, Hostaflon, Ertaflon en Gaflon)
[[http://www.solvaysolexis.com/products/byproductline/productline/productgroup/0,,18463-2-0,00.htm ECTFE (Halar)]] [[http://www.polyfluor.nl/cat/52/overpolyfluor Leverancier]][[http://www.f-clean.nl F-Clean]] [[http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10120641-vOE8on/native/10120641.pdf Example of use]]
[[http://www.trosifol.com/ Trosifol]]
====Tabbing====
[[http://cgi.ebay.com/MUST-HAVE-Kester-Flux-Pen-186-Solar-cells-TAB-soldering-/130397704978?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item1e5c4f1312 flux pens]] Watch out with the fumes!
[[http://hackaday.com/2009/06/23/how-to-build-your-own-spot-welder/ spot welding]] [[http://www.robot-welding.com/Welding_parameters.htm Parameters]]
[[http://cgi.ebay.com/Solar-Cells-Panels-Wire-Glue-No-Soldering-Adhesive-Gun-/330473336699?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item4cf1beef7b Glueing?]]
====Cleaning Solder Residue====
The flux pen acid is real nasty stuff, it will burn the throath and lungs. Use gloves in a well ventilated room, preferably with vetilation removing the damps to outside. Ultrasonic cleaner plus water and soap.
[[http://www.vosmedisch.nl/contents/nl/d319.html Ultrasonic cleaner of the right size]]
=====Resin and lamination sources=====
[[http://www.cesense.nl/ Cesense]]
[[http://www.polyservice.nl/ Polyservice]]
====Lamination processes====
1. Vacuum laminator or bag
2. Vacuum ring
3. Nip Roller
4. Overpressure process (inner tube balloon)
5. [[http://www.freemansupply.com/video/preparing/vacdegasqt500.htm Degassing]] > 29 inch hg
====Videos====
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEcpyQIBJnE How they are made]]
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcR3wMO5Wuc Simple process]]
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UML2hFA9dTA Adding tabbs]]
[[http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/MODULE/Failure.htm Failure modes]]
[[http://www.cnczone.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-78371.html Degassing forum]]
=====Top layer Transmissivity (Glass and Plastics)=====
|=|Material |=|Transmittance (τ)||
||Crystal glass ||0.91||
||Window glass|| 0.85||
|| Polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic) (Acrylate, Lucite, Plexiglass)|| 0.89||
||Polycarbonate (Lexan, Merlon) ||0.84||
||Polyethylene terephthalate (polyester) Mylar) ||0.84||
||Polyvinyl fluoride (Tedlar) ||0.93||
|| Polyamide (Kapton)|| 0.80||
||Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP Teflon)|| 0.96||
||Fiberglass-reinforced polyester (Kalwall)|| 0.87||
=====Cells=====
The cells commonly available are:
3'' by 6'' 1.8 Watt
5'' by 5'' 2.5 Watt
6'' by 6'' 3.6 Watt
If you can get tabbed cells that is much better (soldering the front is a pain). Read Ebay offers carefully, the actual output of the cells offered [[http://www.sunreign.com/info/EbayCells can disappoint]]. 'Short tabbed' or 'Double side tabbed' means recycled. [[http://chuck-wright.com/projects/pv-measure.html About measuring the cells]]
Cel manufacturers can be reached here [[PVCellManufaturers]]
=====Huge Amorphous panels=====
[[http://www.appliedmaterials.com/products/assets/solar_assets/SunFab_Value_Prop_brochure.pdf Cost effective]]
====Tabbing / Bus Wire====
Tinned copper of the required cross surface for the expected current. You probably don´t need buss wire if there are no parralel strings
BIPV or custom solar panels often include glass. There are several options to make panels based on the materials used in regular panels.
**EVA** is used to cushion the cells, so above and below. It is a thermoplastic material that was once proposed because it is dirt cheap. For solar applications however the price is about 14 Euro per m2. It requires a melting process.
**Epoxy ** Epoxy is used to encapsulate cells. It can remain clear and should be a usefull candidate. It is not advertised as such. One reason may be that it is cheaper.
**Silicons** Silicons can be stable, elastic, optically clear. They are an ideal choice, but the price of the mateiral is about 1 Euro/Watt. If one submerges 1 m2 of panel in silicons this takes about 0.7 to 1 liter. Silicons can be RTV (room temperature vulcanizing) in which case on can simply wait for it to cure. This is a very low energy solution.
Some heat cured silicons need degassing, which requires an expensive vacuum machine. This is mainly because small bubbles become big bubbles when heated.
**ETFE** This is an interesting material, it is durable, highly transmissive, cheap and very strong. It can serve as the outside layer, saving weight and cost when compared to glass. ETFE melts and can be welded, which makes it interesting to see if it can be used without EVA.
====Laminates====
Most common for panels
- Glass
- EVA
- Cells
-EVA
-Backplate (Acrylic, PVC)
Glass laminate
-Glass
-Silicon
-Cells
-Silicon
-Glass
[[http://www.sunreign.com/info/ECFTELaminate ECFTE laminate]]
-ECFTE
-Silicon
-Cells
-Silicon
-ECFTE
Top laminate
-ETFE
-EVA
-Cells
-EVA
-Glass
====Encapsulants====
[[http://www.pati-films.com/en/products/products_for_industry/thv-films-d94.html thv]]
[[http://www.dowcorning.com/applications/search/products/details.aspx?prod=01064291 SYLGARDŽ 184]]
[[http://nl.farnell.com/dow-corning/se1740-a-1kg/clr-encap/dp/1675170 SE1740 ]]
[[http://www.acc-silicones.com/content/products/qgel330.ashx Qgel330]]
[[http://www.acc-silicones.com/content/products/qsil222.ashx QSil222]]
[[http://www.acc-silicones.com/content/products/pv5700.ashx PV5700]]
[[http://www.strsolar.com/en-US/Pages/default.aspx STR encapsulants]]
[[http://www.intertronics.co.uk/products/opt7020.htm Opti-tec 7020]]
[[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/4383129.pdf Acrylic method patent (1983)]]
[[http://www.etimex-solar.com/produkte_e.htm EVA]]
[[http://www.daius.com/data.htm Polyurethane for solar applications]]
[[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/20100059105.pdf Polyamide encapsulant patent]]
[[http://www.freepatentsonline.com/7049803.pdf Poly urethane patent (2006)]] [[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7571-4829VBB-37&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F1989&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1381505546&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=2a4b3caad61d13b4c23e7d446d91eeda (contestable)]][[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B7571-4829VBB-37&_user=10&_coverDate=11%2F30%2F1989&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1399194948&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=c114322c9e7704eacdc0d4cb6472e0d2 (known in 1988)]][[http://www.google.com/patents/about?id=UdAwAAAAEBAJ&dq=polyurethane+solar+encapsulant Another patent]]
[[http://www.clearpur.com Clearpur (are working on formula)]]
[[http://www.brs.nl/product-project.php?prod=3&proj=7409382 Cold Bended Glass laminate]]
[[http://tpe-u.com/tpu/emea/en/Applications/other_applications/docId-3047505/Solar_module_films_based_on_Desmopan.html Desmopan]]
[[http://www.jura-plast.de/www_juraplast/solarfilm_96_37_0_f.htm Encapsulation film]]
[[http://www.etimex-solar.com/ Etimex EVA sheets]] [[http://www.agroboy.nl/N_frame.html?http://www.agroboy.nl/N_grp_19_115-1.html EVA]]
[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyvinyl_butyral PVB]] [[http://www.pv-tech.org/images/uploads/articles_online_pdf/large_area_solar_module_lamination.pdf (its use)]] [[http://www.trosifol.com/fileadmin/pdf/broschueren_2010/Solar_eng_6_2010_net.pdf product]]
[[http://www.holscot.com/extrsion1.htm?gclid=CK3FjJf1uKICFZcqDgodPQpJ3w ETFE]] (Teflon, Fluon, Hostaflon, Ertaflon en Gaflon)
[[http://www.solvaysolexis.com/products/byproductline/productline/productgroup/0,,18463-2-0,00.htm ECTFE (Halar)]] [[http://www.polyfluor.nl/cat/52/overpolyfluor Leverancier]][[http://www.f-clean.nl F-Clean]] [[http://www.osti.gov/bridge/servlets/purl/10120641-vOE8on/native/10120641.pdf Example of use]]
[[http://www.trosifol.com/ Trosifol]]
====Tabbing====
[[http://cgi.ebay.com/MUST-HAVE-Kester-Flux-Pen-186-Solar-cells-TAB-soldering-/130397704978?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item1e5c4f1312 flux pens]] Watch out with the fumes!
[[http://hackaday.com/2009/06/23/how-to-build-your-own-spot-welder/ spot welding]] [[http://www.robot-welding.com/Welding_parameters.htm Parameters]]
[[http://cgi.ebay.com/Solar-Cells-Panels-Wire-Glue-No-Soldering-Adhesive-Gun-/330473336699?pt=LH_DefaultDomain_0&hash=item4cf1beef7b Glueing?]]
====Cleaning Solder Residue====
The flux pen acid is real nasty stuff, it will burn the throath and lungs. Use gloves in a well ventilated room, preferably with vetilation removing the damps to outside. Ultrasonic cleaner plus water and soap.
[[http://www.vosmedisch.nl/contents/nl/d319.html Ultrasonic cleaner of the right size]]
=====Resin and lamination sources=====
[[http://www.cesense.nl/ Cesense]]
[[http://www.polyservice.nl/ Polyservice]]
====Lamination processes====
1. Vacuum laminator or bag
2. Vacuum ring
3. Nip Roller
4. Overpressure process (inner tube balloon)
5. [[http://www.freemansupply.com/video/preparing/vacdegasqt500.htm Degassing]] > 29 inch hg
====Videos====
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MEcpyQIBJnE How they are made]]
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcR3wMO5Wuc Simple process]]
[[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UML2hFA9dTA Adding tabbs]]
[[http://pvcdrom.pveducation.org/MODULE/Failure.htm Failure modes]]
[[http://www.cnczone.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-78371.html Degassing forum]]
=====Top layer Transmissivity (Glass and Plastics)=====
|=|Material |=|Transmittance (τ)||
||Crystal glass ||0.91||
||Window glass|| 0.85||
|| Polymethyl methacrylate (acrylic) (Acrylate, Lucite, Plexiglass)|| 0.89||
||Polycarbonate (Lexan, Merlon) ||0.84||
||Polyethylene terephthalate (polyester) Mylar) ||0.84||
||Polyvinyl fluoride (Tedlar) ||0.93||
|| Polyamide (Kapton)|| 0.80||
||Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP Teflon)|| 0.96||
||Fiberglass-reinforced polyester (Kalwall)|| 0.87||
=====Cells=====
The cells commonly available are:
3'' by 6'' 1.8 Watt
5'' by 5'' 2.5 Watt
6'' by 6'' 3.6 Watt
If you can get tabbed cells that is much better (soldering the front is a pain). Read Ebay offers carefully, the actual output of the cells offered [[http://www.sunreign.com/info/EbayCells can disappoint]]. 'Short tabbed' or 'Double side tabbed' means recycled. [[http://chuck-wright.com/projects/pv-measure.html About measuring the cells]]
Cel manufacturers can be reached here [[PVCellManufaturers]]
=====Huge Amorphous panels=====
[[http://www.appliedmaterials.com/products/assets/solar_assets/SunFab_Value_Prop_brochure.pdf Cost effective]]
====Tabbing / Bus Wire====
Tinned copper of the required cross surface for the expected current. You probably don´t need buss wire if there are no parralel strings
